CAUSES On 12 July 1967, Newark, New Jersey, USA,
Some factors that contributed to the Newark Riot: police brutality, political exclusion of blacks from city government, urban renewal, inadequate housing, unemployment, poverty, and rapid change in the racial composition of neighborhood, but that wasn't just on Newark. |
EffectsUsing as a data base U.S. cities over 50,000, the relationship between riot incidence and changes in urban expenditures and revenue was examined. Changes in expenditures considered relevant to the demands of blacks and whites, as well as four fiscal areas thought largely unrelated to either black or white demands, were compared in cities that did and did not have riots. Greater increments in expenditures related to black and white demands were found in cities having riots as compared with those that did not, but the same difference did not appear in the other four expenditure areas. When structural variables were controlled, differences in police and fire expenditure increments remained, while differences in social welfare benefits were greatly reduced. This pattern of difference between riot and nonriot cities was not found to hold prior to 1965. Finally, comparisons in expenditure gains were made among riot and nonriot cities having a variety of political characteristics (such as political competitiveness and the presence of "reformed" political institutions) to ascertain the possible influence of political characteristics of the city on responsiveness to riots.
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Leaders
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